Understanding Dry Eye: Symptoms and Causes

July 31, 2023

July is Dry Eye Awareness Month. Dry eye syndrome, also known as dry eye disease, is a common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. This can lead to discomfort, irritation, and even affect one’s vision. In this article, we will explore the symptoms and causes of dry eye, as well as some potential treatments and prevention strategies.

Symptoms of Dry Eye:

The symptoms of dry eye can vary in severity from mild to severe and may include:

• Persistent Dryness: The primary symptom of dry eye is a persistent dry sensation in the eyes. It may feel as though there is something gritty or foreign in the eye.
• Redness and Irritation: The eyes may appear red and become irritated due to the lack of proper lubrication.
• Burning or Stinging Sensation: People with dry eye may experience a burning or stinging sensation in their eyes.
• Watery Eyes: Paradoxically, dry eye can sometimes trigger excessive tearing as the eyes attempt to compensate for the lack of moisture.
• Sensitivity to Light: Dry eye can make the eyes more sensitive to light, causing discomfort in bright environments.
• Blurred Vision: Vision may become temporarily blurry, especially during prolonged periods of reading or computer use.
• Eye Fatigue: Individuals may experience eye strain or fatigue, particularly after extended screen time or focusing on tasks that require visual concentration.

Causes of Dry Eye:

Several factors can contribute to the development of dry eye syndrome, and it can affect people of all ages. Some common causes include:

• Aging: As we age, tear production naturally decreases, making dry eye more prevalent in older adults.
• Medical Conditions: Dry eye can be associated with medical conditions like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disorders, and Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that affects the glands responsible for producing tears.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to dry or windy climates, as well as air conditioning or heating systems, can lead to increased tear evaporation and exacerbate dry eye symptoms.
• Prolonged Screen Time: Extensive use of digital devices, such as computers, smartphones, and tablets, can reduce blinking frequency, leading to increased tear evaporation and dry eye discomfort.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and antidepressants, can decrease tear production and contribute to dry eye.
• Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels due to pregnancy, menopause, or oral contraceptive use can influence tear production.
• Eyelid Problems: Conditions like blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) or meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) can disrupt the oil layer of tears, leading to increased evaporation.

Treatments and Prevention:

The management of dry eye syndrome focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving tear production. Some common treatments and prevention strategies include:

• Artificial Tears: Over-the-counter artificial tears can provide temporary relief and add moisture to the eyes.
• Lifestyle Changes: Taking breaks during prolonged screen time, using a humidifier, and wearing wrap-around sunglasses in windy conditions can help reduce dry eye symptoms.
• Prescription Medications: In some cases, eye drops or ointments containing cyclosporine or corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve tear production.
• Punctal Plugs: These small plugs are inserted into the tear ducts to slow down tear drainage, helping to keep the eyes moist.
• Warm Compresses and Lid Hygiene: For meibomian gland dysfunction, warm compresses and gentle lid cleansing can help improve the oil layer of tears.
• Omega-3 Supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil can help reduce inflammation and improve tear quality.
• Consultation with an Eye Specialist: If dry eye symptoms persist or worsen, seeking advice from an eye specialist or ophthalmologist is essential to identify any underlying causes and determine appropriate treatment options.

In conclusion, dry eye syndrome can cause discomfort and impact daily life, but with the right management, most individuals can find relief from their symptoms. By understanding the symptoms and causes of dry eye, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent and treat this common eye condition, ensuring better ocular health and overall well-being.